Recombinant Human GM-CSF/CSF2

Granulocyte Macrophage Growth Factor (GM-CSF) is one of an array of cytokines with pivotal roles in embryo implantation and subsequent development. In response to cytokine or inflammatory stimuli, GM-CSF is produced by a number of different cell types, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and adipocytes ^[1]. As a survival factor, GM-CSF activates the effector functions of granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and eosinophils ^{[1, 2]}. GM-CSF promotes a Th1 biased immune response, angiogenesis, allergic inflammation, and the development of autoimmunity ^[3-5]. It shows clinical effectiveness in ameliorating chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, and GM-CSF transfected tumor cells are utilized as cancer vaccines ^{[6, 7]}. Mature human GM-CSF shares 63%-70% amino acid sequence identity with canine, feline, porcine, and rat GM-CSF and 54% with mouse GM-CSF. GM-CSF exerts its biological effects through a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of GM-CSF R alpha /CD116 and the signal transducing common beta chain (CD131) which is also a component of the high-affinity receptors for IL-3 and IL-5 ^{[8, 9]}. In addition, GM-CSF binds a naturally occurring soluble form of GM-CSF R alpha ^[10].

Reference

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[2]. Barreda, D.R. et al. (2004) Dev. Comp. Immunol. 28:509.

[3]. Eksioglu, E.A. et al. (2007) Exp. Hematol. 35:1163.

[4]. Cao, Y. (2007) J. Clin. Invest. 117:2362.

[5]. Fleetwood, A.J. et al. (2005) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 25:405.

[6]. Heuser, M. et al. (2007) Semin. Hematol. 44:148.

[7]. Hege, K.M. et al. (2006) Int. Rev. Immunol. 25:321.

[8]. Onetto-Pothier, N. et al. (1990) Blood 75:59.

[9]. Hayashida, K. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:9655.

[10]. Pelley, J.L. et al. (2007) Exp. Hematol. 35:148.