Pyridostatin

Pyridostatin is a synthetic small-molecule stabilizer of G-quadruplexe [1].
G-quadruplexe is a kind of secondary structure of DNA that usually exists in the end of the chromosome or the telomeres. Since G-quadruplexe is also enriched in the promoters of a serious of proto-oncogenes including c-kit, K-ras and Bcl-2, they are thought to participate in the regulation of gene replication and transcription. Besides that, G-quadruplexe has been found to affect the elongation, replication and capping of telomeres. Based on these findings, a lot of small molecules that can interact with G-quadruplexe have been designed and synthesized to help demonstrate the existence and roles of G-quadruplexe or to be developed as selective anti-cancer drugs. It has been reported that some small molecules interacting with G-quadruplexe can cause the progressive shortening of telomeres and subsequently the active the DNA damage response resulting in cell cycle arrest. Among these molecules, pyridostatin is a synthetic small-molecule stabilizer of G-quadruplexe with the ability to adapt the dynamic and diverse structures of G-quadruplex. Pyridostatin competed for binding with the telomere associated proteins and induced the dysfunction of telomeres [1 and 2].
In the FRET melting assay using human telomeric G-quadruplex-forming sequence and ds-DNA, pyridostatin showed maximal stabilization effect of the G-quadruplex sequence at concentration of 1 μM while showed no effect on the ds-DNA. In a panel of three cancer cell lines (HeLa, U2OS and HT1080) and a normal cell line (WI-38), treatment of pyridostatin significantly inhibited cell growth with IC50 values of 0.89 to 10 μM after 72 hours. The selectivity of pyridostatin against HT1080 cells was 18-fold higher than that against the normal cells [1 and 3].
References:
[1] Mela I, Kranaster R, Henderson R M, et al. Demonstration of ligand decoration, and ligand-induced perturbation, of G-quadruplexes in a plasmid using atomic force microscopy. Biochemistry, 2012, 51(2): 578-585.
[2] Müller S, Sanders D A, Di Antonio M, et al. Pyridostatin analogues promote telomere dysfunction and long-term growth inhibition in human cancer cells. Organic & biomolecular chemistry, 2012, 10(32): 6537-6546.
[3] McLuckie K I E, Di Antonio M, Zecchini H, et al. G-quadruplex DNA as a molecular target for induced synthetic lethality in cancer cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(26): 9640-9643.