Brefeldin A
Brefeldin A (BFA) is an inhibitor of ATPase with IC50 value of 0.2 μM [1]
ATPase is a chemical enzyme which is essential in the ADP/ATP exchange which process provides chemical potential energy. ATP supplies the energy for many physiological activities such as importing metabolites necessary for cell metabolism, exporting toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellular processes, cell proliferation, ER stress and so forth [2].
Treatment with BFA could attenuate stimulus-dependent hyperalgesia phenomenon via inhibiting vesicular exocytosis which process is important for ATP release [3]. When tested with cell line HEK293 cells (stably express wild-type (wt) CRELD2), BFA treatment nearly abolished the secretion of wtCRELD2 completely via inhibiting the transportation of proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus [4]. In MCF-7 cells and Hela cells, treatment with BFA induced p53 expression via inhibiting ATP which enhanced ER stress [5]. When treated with colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 cells, BFA treatment induced cells apoprosis by inhibiting ATP which functioned in the process of cellular vesicle trafficking [1].
BFA also is reported as an inhibitor for GTP/GDP exchange in a dose-dependent way, which is important in vesicular trafficking [6].
References:
[1] P.M. Wierzbicki, M. Kogut, J. Ruczynski, K. Siedlecka-Kroplewska, L. Kaszubowska, A. Rybarczyk, M. Alenowicz, P. Rekowski, Z. Kmiec, Protein and siRNA delivery by transportan and transportan 10 into colorectal cancer cell lines, Folia Histochem Cytobiol, (2014).
[2] M. Westerterp, A.E. Bochem, L. Yvan-Charvet, A.J. Murphy, N. Wang, A.R. Tall, ATP-binding cassette transporters, atherosclerosis, and inflammation, Circulation research, 114 (2014) 157-170.
[3] E.K. Joseph, P.G. Green, J.D. Levine, ATP release mechanisms of endothelial cell-mediated stimulus-dependent hyperalgesia, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society, 15 (2014) 771-777.
[4] K. Oh-hashi, Y. Kanamori, Y. Hirata, K. Kiuchi, Characterization of V-ATPase inhibitor-induced secretion of cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2, Cell biology and toxicology, 30 (2014) 127-136.
[5] W.C. Lin, Y.C. Chuang, Y.S. Chang, M.D. Lai, Y.N. Teng, I.J. Su, C.C. Wang, K.H. Lee, J.H. Hung, Endoplasmic reticulum stress stimulates p53 expression through NF-kappaB activation, PLoS One, 7 (2012) e39120.
[6] D. Prieto, P. Corchete, Transport of flavonolignans to the culture medium of elicited cell suspensions of Silybum marianum, Journal of plant physiology, 171 (2014) 63-68.
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- 2. Ly Thi Huong Luu Le, Seoyoung Park, et al. "N-recognins UBR1 and UBR2 as central ER stress sensors in mammals." Molecules and Cells. January 2024.
- 3. Jing-Ya Yang, Fang Wang, et al. "Characterization and function of circulating mucosal‐associated invariant T cells and γδT cells in oral lichen planus." J Oral Pathol Med. 2021 Oct 12. PMID: 34637577
- 4. KE PENG, AIQIN SUN, et al. "Restoration of the ATG5‑dependent autophagy sensitizes DU145 prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs." Oncol Lett. 2021 Sep;22(3):638. PMID: 34386060
- 5. Jun Wang, Wei Tang, et al. "Inflammatory tumor microenvironment responsive neutrophil exosomes-based drug delivery system for targeted glioma therapy." Biomaterials. 2021 Jun;273:120784. PMID: 33848731
- 6. Yikun Chen, Jiajia Wang, et al. "Moesin Is a Novel Biomarker of Endothelial Injury in Sepsis." J Immunol Res. 2021 Feb 13;2021:6695679. PMID: 33628853
- 7. Yulong Fu, Yang Zhang, et al. "Abnormally activated OPN/integrin αVβ3/FAK signalling is responsible for EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFR mutant non-small-cell lung cancer." J Hematol Oncol. 2020 Dec 7;13(1):169. PMID: 33287873
- 8. Wenwen Du, Jianjie Zhu, et al. "KPNB1-mediated nuclear translocation of PD-L1 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation via the Gas6/MerTK signaling pathway." Cell Death Differ. 2021 Apr;28(4):1284-1300. PMID: 33139930
- 9. Raphemot R, Toro-Moreno M, et al. "Discovery of Druggable Host Factors Critical to Plasmodium Liver-Stage Infection." Cell Chem Biol. 2019 Jun 12. pii: S2451-9456(19)30180-1. PMID: 31257182
- 10. Brian D. Rutter. "CONTENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES ISOLATED FROM PLANTS." Indiana University. 2019.
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| Physical Appearance | A solid |
| Storage | Store at -20°C |
| M.Wt | 280.36 |
| Cas No. | 20350-15-6 |
| Formula | C16H24O4 |
| Solubility | insoluble in H2O; ≥11.73 mg/mL in EtOH with ultrasonic; ≥4.67 mg/mL in DMSO |
| Chemical Name | (1R,2E,6S,10E,11aS,13S,14aR)-1,13-dihydroxy-6-methyl-6,7,8,9,12,13,14,14a-octahydro-1H-cyclopenta[f][1]oxacyclotridecin-4(11aH)-one |
| SDF | Download SDF |
| Canonical SMILES | C[C@H](O1)CCC/C=C/[C@@]2([H])[C@](C[C@@H](O)C2)([H])[C@H](O)/C=C/C1=O |
| Shipping Condition | Small Molecules with Blue Ice, Modified Nucleotides with Dry Ice. |
| General tips | We do not recommend long-term storage for the solution, please use it up soon. |
| Cell experiment [1-4]: | |
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Cell lines |
Colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 cells; MCF-7 cells; Hela cells; Normal rat kidney cells (NRK); MDA-MB-231 cells |
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Preparation method |
The solubility of this compound in DMSO is >4.7 mg/mL. General tips for obtaining a higher concentration: Please warm the tube at 37℃ for 10 minutes and/or shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while. Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months. |
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Reacting condition |
5 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL; 3-40 h; 37℃ |
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Applications |
BFA treatment (15 h or 40 h) of normal rat kidney (NRK) cells caused dramatic swelling of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and shifted its localization to the periphery of the cells. BFA affected Golgi structure and MT and actin organization. BFA preferentially induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 suspension cultures with the EC50 of 0.016 μg/mL. BFA effectively inhibited clonogenic activity and the migration and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) activity of MDA-MB-231 cells by down-regulating the breast CSC marker CD44 and anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, as well as the reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Treatment with BFA (1 μg/mL) induced p53 expression in MCF-7 cells and Hela cells. In colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 cells, BFA induced cells apoptosis. |
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Other notes |
Please test the solubility of all compounds indoor, and the actual solubility may slightly differ with the theoretical value. This is caused by an experimental system error and it is normal. |
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References: [1]. Alvarez C, et al. Brefeldin A (BFA) disrupts the organization of the microtubule and the actin cytoskeletons. Eur J Cell Biol. 1999 Jan;78(1):1-14. [2]. Tseng CN, et al. Brefeldin A reduces anchorage-independent survival, cancer stem cell potential and migration of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Molecules. 2014 Oct 29;19(11):17464-77. [3]. W.C. Lin, Y.C. Chuang, Y.S. Chang, M.D. Lai, Y.N. Teng, I.J. Su, C.C. Wang, K.H. Lee, J.H. Hung, Endoplasmic reticulum stress stimulates p53 expression through NF-kappaB activation, PLoS One, 7 (2012) e39120. [4]. P.M. Wierzbicki, M. Kogut, J. Ruczynski, K. Siedlecka-Kroplewska, L. Kaszubowska, A. Rybarczyk, M. Alenowicz, P. Rekowski, Z. Kmiec, Protein and siRNA delivery by transportan and transportan 10 into colorectal cancer cell lines, Folia Histochem Cytobiol, (2014). |
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Quality Control & MSDS
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