(-)-Verbenone

(-)-Verbenone (CAS No.: 1196-01-6) is a naturally occurring monoterpene ketone broadly classified as a semiochemical research reagent and volatile natural product, reported in botanical sources including rosemary essential oil and Suregada zanzibariensis foliage, and primarily studied in chemical ecology and bioactive small molecule discovery as an anti aggregation pheromone modulator that disrupts pheromone guided orientation behavior in bark beetle species such as western pine beetle and mountain pine beetle; in mechanistic terms, current evidence supports activity at the level of olfactory communication systems through interference with aggregation pheromone signaling rather than a fully resolved single protein target, with downstream effects interpreted as altered odorant driven sensory responses and behavioral decision circuits in target insects, while in vitro pharmacology datasets in mammalian style molecular assay formats remain limited and are therefore commonly discussed qualitatively or by analogy to related terpene scaffolds with activity often surveyed across nanomolar to micromolar or low millimolar concentration windows depending on assay architecture, readout sensitivity, and matrix composition; accordingly, this compound is typically positioned for exploratory use in olfaction linked signaling studies, semiochemical interaction mapping, environmental and forestry pest biology models, and early stage bioactivity profiling workflows in life sciences research, where concentrations or doses used in experiments typically depend on specific experimental designs and research objectives and should be established through validated laboratory optimization, appropriate controls, and fit for purpose analytical verification.