Trimethylamine oxide dihydrate

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (CAS No.: 62637-93-8) is a gut microbiota metabolite derived from dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients, and has attracted considerable attention in biomedical research. Studies have shown that trimethylamine N-oxide can induce inflammatory responses by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome, and can accelerate fibroblast differentiation by activating the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway, thereby inducing cardiac fibrosis. In addition, trimethylamine N-oxide can also induce tumor cell pyroptosis and enhance CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor responses in triple-negative breast cancer. In in vitro experiments, the activity level of trimethylamine N-oxide is typically in the low micromolar range, with the specific concentration depending on the experimental design and research objectives. In cell and animal models, trimethylamine N-oxide is commonly used to study its effects on inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor immune responses, and the dose or concentration used in experiments typically depends on the experimental design and research objectives.