Silymarin

Silymarin (CAS No.: 65666-07-1) is a natural polyphenolic flavonolignan complex isolated from the seeds of Silybum marianum, widely utilized as a bioactive reference compound in studies of oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. It has been reported to inhibit tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, potentially through modulation of signaling pathways associated with cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and vascular endothelial growth processes, while also demonstrating effects on insulin resistance via interactions with metabolic and redox-sensitive pathways. In antiviral research contexts, silymarin has shown inhibitory activity against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, suggesting utility as a molecular probe for investigating coronavirus replication mechanisms. In vitro studies typically report activity in the low micromolar to micromolar range depending on assay conditions and biological endpoints. Silymarin is frequently applied in cell-based and preclinical models to explore hepatocellular carcinoma-related mechanisms, oxidative injury responses, and metabolic dysfunction, with experimental concentrations or dosing regimens varying according to specific study designs and objectives.