Recombinant Human TGF-beta 1 (His)
TGF-beta 1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-beta superfamily and has a characteristic cysteine knot structure (1–7). TGF-beta 1, -2, and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that are thought to act as cellular switches regulating processes such as immune function, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (1–4). Each TGF-beta isoform has some non-redundant functions; for TGF-beta 1, targeted deletion in mice results in defects in hematopoietic and endothelial differentiation and death from severe inflammation (2). Human TGF-beta 1 cDNA encodes a 390-amino-acid (aa) precursor containing a 29-aa signal peptide and a 361-aa proprotein (8). A furin-like convertase processes the proprotein to generate an N-terminal 249-aa latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a C-terminal 112-aa mature TGF-beta 1 (8, 9). The disulfide-linked homodimer of LAP and TGF-beta 1 remains non-covalently associated after secretion, forming the small latent TGF-beta 1 complex (8–10). Covalent linkage of LAP to one of three latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBPs) forms a large latent complex that may interact with the extracellular matrix (9, 10). TGF-beta is activated from the latent state through pathways involving proteases such as plasmin, matrix metalloproteinases, thrombospondin-1, and a group of integrins (10). Mature human TGF-beta 1 has 100% amino acid identity with porcine, canine, and bovine TGF-beta 1, and 99% amino acid identity with mouse, rat, and equine TGF-beta 1. It exhibits cross-species activity (1). TGF-beta 1 signaling begins with high-affinity binding to a type II serine/threonine kinase receptor termed TGF-beta RII. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second serine/threonine kinase receptor, TGF-beta RI (also called activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-5), or alternatively, ALK-1. This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins, which regulate transcription (3, 11, 12). The contribution of co-receptors such as betaglycan (also called TGF-beta RIII) and endoglin, or the use of Smad-independent signaling pathways, leads to the different effects observed in response to TGF-beta in different contexts (11).
Reference:
1. Derynck, R. and K. Miyazono (2008) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press p. 29.
2. Dunker, N. and K. Krieglstein (2000) Eur. J. Biochem. 267:6982.
3. Wahl, S.M. (2006) Immunol. Rev. 213:213.
4. Chang, H. et al. (2002) Endocr. Rev. 23:787.
5. Lin, J.S. et al. (2006) Reproduction 132:179.
6. Hinck, A.P. et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35:8517.
7. Mittl, P.R.E. et al. (1996) Protein Sci. 5:1261.
8. Derynck, R. et al. (1985) Nature 316:701.
9. Miyazono, K. et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:6407.
10. Oklu, R. and R. Hesketh (2000) Biochem. J. 352:601.
11. De Caestecker, M. et al. (2004) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15:1.
| Gene ID | 7040 |
| Accession # | P01137 |
| Alternate Names | TGFB1, TGFB, TGF-beta 1, TGFbeta1, CED, DPD1, Latency-associated peptide (LAP) |
| Source | HEK293 |
| M.Wt | Approximately 59.5 kDa |
| Appearance | Solution protein |
| Stability & Storage | Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. -3 years from date of receipt, -20 to -70°C as supplied. |
| Concentration | 1 mg/mL |
| Formulation | Supplied as a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS, pH7.4. |
| Reconstitution | We recommend that this vial be briefly centrifuged prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. This solution can be diluted into other aqueous buffers. |
| Biological Activity | Fully biologically active as determined by detecting the firefly luciferase activity in HEK293 cells transfected with pSBE4_TA_luc. The EC50 for this effect is 1.7~2 ng/mL. |
| Shipping Condition | Shipping with dry ice. |
| Handling | Centrifuge the vial prior to opening. |
| Usage | For Research Use Only! Not to be used in humans. |