Pinolenic Acid

Pinolenic Acid (CAS No.: 16833-54-8) is a naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid predominantly isolated from the seed oils of Pinus orientalis and Pinus pinaster, and is widely studied for its metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-modulating properties in biomedical research. As a bioactive lipid, pinolenic acid has been shown to influence lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis, including the reduction of high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A1 levels in transgenic mouse models, as well as the attenuation of cholesterol efflux in cellular systems, suggesting a role in regulating lipoprotein dynamics. Mechanistically, it is associated with modulation of inflammatory lipid pathways, partly through its inability to serve as a precursor to arachidonic acid and its capacity to reduce arachidonic acid content in phospholipid fractions, thereby potentially altering eicosanoid signaling. In addition, pinolenic acid has been reported to enhance the secretion of satiety-associated hormones such as cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1, supporting its investigation in appetite regulation and obesity-related studies. Its biological activities are typically evaluated in vitro using hepatic and lipid metabolism-relevant cell lines, as well as in vivo in dietary intervention models, with effective concentrations generally reported in the low micromolar to micromolar range depending on the assay context. Collectively, pinolenic acid serves as a valuable tool compound for studying lipid signaling pathways, metabolic disorders, and inflammation, and is of interest in drug discovery programs targeting cardiometabolic and obesity-related indications.