Lidocaine HCl

Lidocaine HCl (CAS No.: 73-78-9) is a synthetic amide small-molecule ion channel modulator and research molecule that inhibits cardiac conduction, with antiarrhythmic pharmacological characteristics. It is widely used as a reference compound and mechanistic probe in research areas such as electrophysiology, tumor biology, and drug discovery; its primary mechanism of action is the reversible inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels in a voltage-dependent and use-dependent manner, stabilizing the inactivated state of the channel and reducing membrane excitability in neuronal and cardiac preparations. Studies have also reported that it can inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and attenuate downstream MEK/ERK and NF-κB pathways, accompanied by upregulation of miR-145 expression in some cancer models, which is associated with reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion observed in vitro; in cellular and biochemical experiments, its activity is typically observed in the micromolar to millimolar range. Sodium channel-related effects are often seen at low to mid micromolar levels, whereas effects associated with inhibition of proliferative phenotypes often require higher micromolar levels. Specific potency is affected by factors such as channel subtype, signaling background, exposure time, and experimental matrix, and should be empirically determined in the corresponding system; typical applications include use as a positive control or blockade mechanism probe in voltage-gated sodium channel research, as a pharmacological tool in rhythm and conduction block modeling paradigms, and for elucidating the roles of EGFR-related and miRNA-associated pathways in tumor biological processes in multiple cell lines and selected animal models. Experimental concentrations or doses are usually determined according to the specific experimental design and research objectives; this compound is derived from the amide local anesthetic chemical family represented by lidocaine and is strictly limited to laboratory research use, not for human or veterinary applications.