Isosorbide 5-mononitrate

Isosorbide 5-mononitrate (CAS No.: 16051-77-7) is an organic nitrate compound widely utilized as a reference molecule in cardiovascular and vascular biology research, characterized by its role as a nitric oxide donor and active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate. Functioning as a prodrug, it undergoes biotransformation to release nitric oxide, which activates soluble guanylate cyclase and elevates intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels, leading to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, with a predominant effect on venous capacitance vessels and modulation of preload-associated hemodynamic parameters. This compound is commonly employed to investigate nitric oxide–mediated signaling pathways, endothelial function, and vascular tone regulation, as well as nitrate tolerance mechanisms and redox-associated cellular responses. In vitro studies indicate that isosorbide 5-mononitrate can influence endothelial cell viability and proliferation, partly through modulation of apoptosis-related pathways and upregulation of angiogenesis-associated markers such as VEGF signaling components, with observed activity typically in the nanomolar to micromolar concentration range depending on the assay system. Additionally, it has been used in zebrafish and other model organisms to explore vascular development and gene expression dynamics linked to angiogenic pathways. Owing to its relatively sustained pharmacokinetic profile compared to other nitrates, it serves as a useful tool in experimental designs examining prolonged nitric oxide exposure and downstream signaling effects, with dosing regimens in cell-based or in vivo studies varying according to specific research objectives and model systems.