Efonidipine hydrochloride monoethanolate

Efonidipine hydrochloride monoethanolate (CAS No.: 111011-76-8) is a synthetic small molecule ion channel modulator in the dihydropyridine associated calcium channel blocker research class, primarily used as a pharmacological probe in cardiovascular and endocrine biology, where it is characterized by dual inhibition of voltage gated L type and T type calcium channels and consequent regulation of calcium dependent excitability, vascular smooth muscle tone, cardiac automaticity, and adrenal steroidogenic signaling; mechanistically, published experimental evidence indicates high potency activity at L type channels in the low nanomolar range and weaker but measurable inhibition of T type channels in the nanomolar to submicromolar range, alongside reported suppression of adrenal aldosterone output, modulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein related transcriptional responses including enhanced StAR mRNA induction under stimulatory conditions, altered dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production in adrenocortical cell systems, and inhibition of cortisol and aldosterone biosynthetic processes, with additional reports describing inhibition of SARS CoV 2 main protease in biochemical screening contexts, supporting its utility as a multitarget tool compound for pathway interrogation rather than any non research use; in vitro, it is commonly applied in electrophysiology, calcium flux, steroidogenesis, and target validation assays, while in vivo it is used in rodent and other preclinical models to investigate calcium channel dependent hemodynamic and cardiac functional phenotypes as well as endocrine regulation, and in discovery programs it can serve as a reference comparator for dual channel blockade and mechanism oriented hit to lead studies, with concentrations or doses used in experiments typically depending on specific experimental designs, assay formats, and research objectives.