Chebulagic acid

Chebulagic acid is a polyphenol and tannin found in Terminalia chebula with a wide range of biological activities. It is a potent inhibitor of COX-1, COX-2, and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) with IC₅₀ values of 15, 0.92, and 2.1 μM, respectively, as well as α-glucosidase and 15-LO with IC₅₀ values of 0.05 and 24.9 μM, respectively. Chebulagic acid also inhibits LPS-induced increases in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LO protein levels, as well as the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, it suppresses the growth of various cancer cell lines, including HCT15, COLO 205, MDA-MB-231, DU145, and K562, with IC₅₀ values of 20.3, 18, 26.2, 28.54, and 30.66 μM, respectively. Chebulagic acid enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by 10.2-, 13.8-, and 16.6-fold at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μM, respectively. It also scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (IC₅₀ = 1.4 μM) and exhibits antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus, hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus in vitro, with EC₅₀ values of 25.5, 12.16, 13.11, 34.42, and 0.38 μM, respectively.