2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid

2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid (CAS No.: 499-80-9) is a small-molecule inhibitor widely used in epigenetics and enzymology research as a broad-spectrum antagonist of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases, including members of the Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing histone demethylase family. It has been shown to inhibit multiple histone lysine demethylases such as KDM4A (JMJD2A), KDM4C, KDM4E, KDM5B, and KDM6A, thereby modulating histone methylation states, particularly those associated with transcriptional regulation, including H3K4 and H3K9 methylation marks. Biochemical and cellular studies indicate that 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid suppresses demethylase activity at low micromolar concentrations, with reported inhibitory effects on KDM5B and related enzymes, leading to altered histone methylation profiles in cell-based systems. Functionally, this compound has been utilized to investigate chromatin dynamics, gene expression regulation, and inflammatory signaling pathways, as it can attenuate proliferation, migration, and cytokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cell models under stress conditions. In vivo experimental studies further demonstrate its capacity to modulate pathological tissue remodeling processes, supporting its application as a tool compound in mechanistic studies of epigenetic regulation and oxygenase-dependent pathways. The concentrations or dosing regimens employed vary depending on specific experimental designs, making it suitable for a range of in vitro assays and preclinical research models focused on enzyme inhibition and epigenetic modulation.