glycoursodeoxycholate

glycoursodeoxycholate (CAS No.: 64480-66-6) is a glycine-conjugated bile acid derived from ursodeoxycholic acid and classified as an acyl glycine metabolite within the bile acid pool, widely studied in hepatobiliary biology and metabolic regulation. As an endogenous bile acid conjugate, it participates in the modulation of cellular signaling pathways and enzymatic activities associated with lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell survival, with evidence indicating that it can influence cell proliferation and metabolic homeostasis through suppression of specific signaling cascades. Experimental studies demonstrate that glycoursodeoxycholate exhibits antioxidant and cytoprotective properties in vitro, including in epithelial and neuronal cell systems, and can attenuate inflammatory cytokine production and prevent toxin-induced cell death in relevant cellular models. In addition, in vivo investigations suggest its capacity to modulate gut microbiota composition and ameliorate inflammatory phenotypes in preclinical models of intestinal disease, highlighting its relevance to gut–liver axis research. Its biological activity is generally observed in the low micromolar to millimolar concentration range depending on the model system, reflecting typical behavior of bile acid derivatives. Glycoursodeoxycholate is therefore commonly utilized in studies of liver and biliary disorders, neuroprotection, inflammation, and microbiome interactions, as well as in drug discovery efforts aimed at targeting bile acid-mediated signaling pathways, with experimental dosing and concentrations varying according to specific assay conditions and research objectives.