Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin (CAS No.: 472-61-7) is a naturally occurring keto-carotenoid belonging to the xanthophyll subclass of terpenes, widely distributed in red-pigmented aquatic organisms and commonly utilized as a model compound for studying carotenoid bioactivity. Lacking vitamin A activity, astaxanthin is distinguished by its potent antioxidant properties and its capacity to modulate key cellular signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, including inhibition of NF-κB activation and downregulation of VEGF expression. Mechanistic studies further indicate that astaxanthin can influence cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastatic behavior through pathways such as PPARγ activation and suppression of STAT3 signaling, supporting its relevance in investigations of cancer cell biology and metabolic dysfunction. Additionally, its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects have made it a useful tool in experimental models of neurodegeneration, vascular injury, and retinal pathology. In vitro studies typically employ astaxanthin across nanomolar to low micromolar concentration ranges, although effective dosing varies depending on cell type and assay conditions. Astaxanthin is broadly applied in cell-based assays, animal models, and biochemical studies to explore redox regulation, inflammatory signaling, and pathway-specific modulation in drug discovery and mechanistic research contexts.