TOFA

TOFA (CAS No.: 54857-86-2) is a small-molecule allosteric inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α (ACCA), a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. By targeting ACCA, TOFA suppresses de novo lipid synthesis and perturbs cellular metabolic homeostasis, making it a valuable tool for investigating lipid metabolism and metabolic regulation. In cellular systems, TOFA has been shown to reduce fatty acid synthesis and trigger caspase-dependent apoptosis, including activation of mitochondrial pathways characterized by cytochrome c release, as well as modulation of proteins involved in cell survival and signaling. These effects have been observed across multiple cancer cell models, supporting its utility in studying metabolic vulnerabilities and apoptosis mechanisms. In vivo studies in experimental animals further demonstrate that TOFA can modulate lipid profiles, including dose-dependent reductions in plasma cholesterol levels, highlighting its relevance in metabolic research contexts. The compound is widely applied in biochemical and pharmacological studies to interrogate ACC-mediated pathways, lipid biosynthesis, and associated signaling networks, with effective concentrations in vitro generally reported in the low micromolar range depending on cell type and assay conditions, while dosing regimens in animal studies vary according to experimental design and research objectives.