MitoTEMPO (hydrate)

MitoTEMPO (hydrate) (CAS No.: 1569257-94-8) is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant and superoxide dismutase mimetic widely used in biomedical research to investigate mitochondrial oxidative stress and redox signaling. This small molecule consists of a nitroxide-based radical scavenger conjugated to a lipophilic cation, enabling efficient penetration of lipid bilayers and selective accumulation within the mitochondrial matrix driven by membrane potential. It functions primarily by scavenging superoxide and related reactive oxygen species, thereby modulating mitochondrial redox homeostasis and attenuating oxidative damage to mitochondrial components. Through these actions, MitoTEMPO has been shown to influence pathways associated with apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and ROS-mediated signaling cascades, making it a valuable tool for studying mechanisms of cell death, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. In vitro, it typically exhibits activity in the nanomolar to low micromolar range depending on the cellular context and oxidative burden, while in vivo applications in animal models have been used to explore its effects on conditions linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, including cardiovascular and renal pathologies. The concentrations or doses employed vary according to experimental design, and it is commonly applied in studies focused on mitochondrial biology, oxidative stress-related disease modeling, and the evaluation of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial ROS.