Guanosine 5'-monophosphate (sodium salt)

Guanosine 5'-monophosphate (sodium salt) (CAS No.: 5550-12-9) is a purine nucleotide and nucleoside monophosphate that serves as a fundamental component of RNA biosynthesis and cellular metabolism, comprising guanine, ribose, and phosphate, and functioning as a key intermediate in nucleotide turnover and energy-related processes. Upon phosphorylation to guanosine triphosphate, it is incorporated into RNA by RNA polymerases, thereby supporting transcriptional activity and gene expression regulation, while also participating in signal transduction pathways that modulate enzymatic activity and cellular responses. This compound has been implicated in the regulation of genes associated with fatty acid metabolism and broader metabolic networks, and experimental evidence indicates that it can act as a weak agonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors, influencing glutamatergic neurotransmission and exhibiting context-dependent neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects depending on concentration. Additionally, its involvement in pathways linked to telomere maintenance and ribosomal DNA expression highlights its relevance in genomic stability and translational control. In vitro studies suggest activity across low micromolar to higher concentration ranges depending on the biological system and assay design, with higher concentrations potentially inducing neuronal cytotoxicity. Guanosine 5'-monophosphate (sodium salt) is widely used in biochemical and cell-based assays to investigate nucleotide metabolism, RNA synthesis, signal transduction, and neurotransmitter system modulation, and serves as a versatile tool in disease research and drug discovery, where experimental concentrations and dosing regimens are tailored to specific cellular models or in vivo study objectives.