Fast Green FCF

Fast Green FCF (CAS No.: 2353-45-9) is a sea green triarylmethane dye widely utilized in biochemical and biomedical research as a sensitive protein staining reagent with an absorption maximum in the 622–626 nm range and near-infrared fluorescence upon protein binding. It is commonly applied as a quantitative stain for histones under alkaline conditions following acid extraction of DNA and as a protein stain in electrophoretic techniques, including SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing, where it exhibits a broad linear response across protein concentrations compared to conventional dyes. Beyond its analytical utility, Fast Green FCF demonstrates biological activity relevant to neurobiology and inflammation, including inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation, modulation of amyloid-β-associated processes, and interference with signaling pathways such as P2X4 receptor activity and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling, suggesting effects on neuroinflammation and protein aggregation. These activities are generally observed in the low micromolar to micromolar range in vitro, depending on assay conditions. Functionally, the compound has been employed in cellular and animal models to investigate mechanisms of neurotransmitter release, chronic pain modulation, and neurodegenerative processes, as well as in exploratory studies of cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Experimental concentrations or dosing regimens vary according to specific study designs, supporting its dual role as both a versatile staining agent and a bioactive probe in drug discovery and mechanistic research.