Applications
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In BRAFV600E Me-1 melanoma cell line (with impaired AMPK activation), 1 and 5 mM Phenformin significantly increased AMPK kinase activity, in a dose-dependent manner. A similar increase was also observed in HEK-293 cells (as control cells). These results implied that the presence of BRAFV600E in melanoma cells did not prevent the pharmacological activation of AMPK, and that AMPK was activated by the increase in phosphorylation of a key AMPK downstream target (ACC).
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Applications
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In Tyr::CreER; BRAFCA/+; PTENlox/lox mice bearing single tumor induced by 4-HT, the combination of Phenformin and PLX4720 significantly inhibited tumor growth. PLX4720 alone substantially reduced the rate of tumor progression, but Phenformin alone only showed a modest inhibition on tumor growth in these mice. According to immunohistochemical analyses of these tumors, the Phenformin/PLX4720 combination dramatically promoted apoptotic cell death and inhibited tumor cell proliferation.
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References:
[1]. Petti C, Vegetti C, Molla A, Bersani I, Cleris L, Mustard KJ, Formelli F, Hardie GD, Sensi M, Anichini A. AMPK activators inhibit the proliferation of human melanomas bearing the activated MAPK pathway. Melanoma Res. 2012 Oct;22(5):341-50.
[2]. Yuan P, Ito K, Perez-Lorenzo R, Del Guzzo C, Lee JH, Shen CH, Bosenberg MW, McMahon M, Cantley LC, Zheng B. Phenformin enhances the therapeutic benefit of BRAF(V600E) inhibition in melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Nov 5;110(45):18226-31.
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